Acknowledgements
Our warm thanks to the many SLOCAT partners and experts from the wider transport community who have shaped this report. A significant share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.
How to cite:
SLOCAT (2025), Transport, Climate and Sustainability Global Status Report – 4th edition, https://gsr4.slocat.net
Licence
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Adapt — remix, transform and build upon the material for any purpose. Attribution — you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence and indicate if changes were made.
Our warm thanks to the many SLOCAT partners and experts from the wider transport community who have shaped this report. A significant share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.
GSR 4 is supported by:
This edition has been made possible thanks to financial support from the Drive Electric Campaign, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) through its International Climate Initiative (IKI), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the Kühne Climate Center (KCC), and the Volvo Research and Education Foundations (VREF).
Engaging a wide community of world-class experts and organisations
Chief Advisors – Strategic Guidance and Review
Maruxa Cardama (SLOCAT secretariat), Holger Daklmann (Sustain2030)
Advisory team (alphabetical by affiliation’s full name)
Anne Chaussavoine (Agence Française de Développement), Carolina Chantrill (Asociación Sustentar), Andrea San Gil Leon (Global Partnership on Informal Transport), Urda Eichhorst (GIZ / NDC Transport Initiative for Asia), Philip Amaral (European Cyclists’ Federation), Olivia Wessendorff (Independent Consultant), Maisarah Abdul Kadir (International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA), John Pritchard (International Transport Forum), Juman Kubba (International Transport Workers’ Federation), Nicolas Cruz (MobiliseYourCity Partnership), Tsu Jui Cheng (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan), José Holguin-Veras (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Jad Baba (REN21), Bronwen Thornton (Walk21 / Partnership for Active Travel and Health), Alok Jain (Trans Consult), Wei-Shiuen Ng (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), Benjamin Welle (World Resources Institute).
Authors, Contributors and Peer Reviewers
*The list of contributing authors may still subject to changes.
Module 1. Trials and Prospects in the Just Transition towards Sustainable Transport
1.1. 10 Years On: Paris Agreement and SDGs Reflections Ahead of the UN Decade of Sustainable Transport
Authors: Heather Allen, Independent Consultant
Contributors: Maruxa Cardama SLOCAT Secretariat, Holger Daklmann, Sustain2030
1.2. The Right to Mobility in a Sustainable and Inclusive Society
Authors: Jacob Mason, ITDP and Genevivie Genevivie Ankunda, SLOCAT Secretariat
Contributors: Alyssa Alvarez, ITDP
1.3. Connecting Goods, Markets and Consumers to Boost Sustainable and Inclusive Growth
Authors: Henrik Gudmundsson, Concito and Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT Secretariat
Contributors: Yann Briand, IDDRI
Spotlight – Logistics for Climate Action
Authors: Akshay Jamdade, SLOCAT Secretariat
Contributors: Mark Major and Stefanie Sohm, Kühne Climate Center
1.4. Adaptation and Resilience Within and Through Transport
Authors: Manu Sisadharan, University College London and Kamala Sudhan Achuthanm, Centre for Urban Resilience and Sustainability
1.5. Gender on the Move: Driving Transformative Change in Transport
Authors: Kalpana Viswanath and Rithvika Rajiv, Safetipin
Contributors: Natalia Lleras, Walk21, Claire Charamnac, Asian Development Bank, Ashley Acker, Independent Consultant
1.6. A Just Transition for Workers in the Transport Sector
Authors: Juman Kubba and Jeremy Anderson, International Transport Workers’ Federation
Contributors:
1.7. Driving Health Forward: The Critical Link Between Transport and Wellbeing
Authors: Jenny Mindell, University College London
Contributors: Dena Kasraian, Eindhoven University of Technology and Rob McInerney, International Road Assessment Programme
Module 2. Transport Pathways to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
2.1. National Transport Pathways to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
Authors: Nikola Medimorec, Genevivie Ankunda and Maruxa Cardama, SLOCAT Secretariat
Spotlight – Transport Ambition in NDCs 3.0
Authors: Nikola Medimorec and Genevivie Akunda, SLOCAT Secretariat
Spotlight – Transport in National Adaptation Plans
Authors: Nikola Medimorec and Genevivie Akunda, SLOCAT Secretariat
Spotlight – Assessing Progress: the Transport Decarbonisation Index
Authors: Nikola Medimorec, Teodora Serafimova, Genevivie Ankunda, Benjamin Berthet, SLOCAT Secretariat, in collaboration with Oliver Lah, Vera-Marie Andrieu and Alvin Mejia, UEMI, and Lewis Fulton, Pierpaolo Cazzola, Jacob Teter
2.2. Sub-National Transport Pathways to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
Authors: Tsu Jui Cheng, National Cheng Kung University
2.3. The Role of Business to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
Authors: Akshay Jamdade, SLOCAT, Mingyang Hao, Romain Poivet, Joachim Roth, and Luis Costa, World Benchmarking Alliance
Contributors: Sophie Punte, Life-Links
Module 3: Regional Overviews: Trends and Policy Developments
3.1. Africa Regional Overview
Authors: Genevivie Akunda, SLOCAT Secretariat and Malindi Msoni, Zambia Institute for Policy Analysis and Research
3.2. Asia Regional Overview
Author: Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT Secretariat
Contributors: Avantika Arjuna, Vijay Saini and Sai Siddhartha Nandamuri, Asia LEDS Partnership; Sudhir Gota and Alvin Mejia, Asian Transport Observatory
3.3. Europe Regional Overview
Author: Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT Secretariat
3.4. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Overview
Author: Candela Echevarria Alcuaz (Asociación Sustentar)
Contibutors: Maria Eugenia, Rivas Amiassorho & Agustina Calatayud (Inter American Development Bank); Arturo Steinvorth (Fundación Centro para la Sostenibilidad Urbana)
3.5. North America Regional Overview
Author: Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT Secretariat
Contributor: Todd Litmann, Victoria Transport Policy Institute
3.6. Oceania Regional Overview
Author: Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT Secretariat
Module 4. Climate and Sustainability Responses in Transport Sub-Sectors and Modes
4.1. Freight Transport and Logistics
Authors: Lóri Tavasszy, Delft University of Technology, Verena Ehrler, IÉSEG School of Management, Tharsis Teoh, Smart Freight Centre, Anna Pernestål, Integrated Transport Research Lab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Spotlight – Gender-Responsive Approaches in Freight Transport in Asia
Authors: Genevivie Ankunda, Akshay Jamdade and Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT Secretariat
Contributors: Urda Eichhorst and Anneli Stutz, GIZ / NDC Transport Initiative for Asia, and Kalpana Viswanath, Safetipin
4.2. Integrated Transport Planning Across Urban and Rural Contexts
Authors: Hannah Murdock, Imperial College London
Contributors: Nicolás Cruz González and Jacopo Giavoli, MobiliseYourCity
4.3. Walking
Authors: Bronwen Thornton, Jim Walker, and Natalia Lleras, Walk21
Contributors: Natalia Lleras, Walk21
4.4. Cycling
Authors: Philip Amaral, European Cyclists Federation and Isabella Burczak, Union Cyclistes Internationale
4.5. Public Transport
Authors: Thet Hein Hun and Benjamin Welle, World Resources Institute
4.6. Informal Transport
Authors: Andrea San Gil Leon and Benjie de la Peña, Global Network for Popular Transport
Contributors:
4.7. Rail
Authors: Lucie Anderton and Joo Hyun Ha, International Union of Railways
Contributors:
4.8. Road Transport
Authors: Hannah Murdock, Imperial College London
4.9. Aviation
Authors: Ken Tran Phong, UN Climate Champions Team and Airbus
4.10. Shipping
Authors: Marie Hubatova, with Angie Farrag-Thibault, Debora Schneider, Danielle Carey and Eduardo Boné Morón Environmental Defense Fund
Module 5. Transport and Energy
5.1. Transport Energy Sources
Authors: Jad Baba, Janne Piper and Jiayi Wang, REN21
Contributors:
5.2. Vehicle Electrification
Authors: Pierpaolo Cazzalo, Matteo Craglia and Jacob Teter, Independent Consultants
Contributors: Sebastian Castellanos (Drive Electric Campaign), Tim Dallmann and Irem Kok Kalayci (ICCT)
Spotlight – Second hand vehicles
Authors: Genevivie Akunda, SLOCAT Secretariat
Module 6. Economics, Finance and Capacity Building for Transformative Change in Transport
6.1. Financing Sustainable Transport in Times of Constrained Public Budgets
Authors: Jyoti Bisbey, World Bank
Contributors: Sean Kidney and Bláthnaid Byrne, Climate Bonds Initiative, Maruxa Cardama and Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT
Spotlight – Evolving the Economic Appraisals for Land Transport Investments
Authors: Andrea M. Bassi, KnowlEdge Srl and International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), in collaboration with Michail Kapetanakis, IISD, Genevivie Ankunda, Benjamin Berthet, Maruxa Cardama and Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
Contributors: Holger Haubold, ECF, Jens Giersdorf and Martin Schaefer GIZ, Milnael Gomez, MobiliseYourCity Partnership – MYC, Bronwen Thornton, Walk21
Spotlight – Improving Access to Climate Finance for Transport in LMICS
Authors: Nikola Medimorec, Alice Yiu, Genevivie Ankunda, Teodora Serafimova and Benjamin Berthet, SLOCAT, Yiqian Zhang, World Resources Institute
6.2. Capacity Building for Transport Transformation
Authors: Farida Moawad, Ghada Abdul Aziz and Hend Eltabey, Transport for Cairo
Takeaways for Decision Makers
Author: Hannah Murdock.
Peer Reviewers
The SLOCAT Secretariat extends appreciation to the peer reviewers who contribute their time and expertise from April to July 2025 to strengthen the quality and integrity of the GSR 4th Edition.
The full list of peer reviewers will become progressively available as other GSR 4 chapters advance in their elaboration process.
Peer reviewers as of 21 July 2025 (alphabetical by full affiliation name):
Gori Olusina Daniel, (AP3), Felix Eggert, (Air Transport Action Group), Warwick Townsend, (Alstom), Claire Charamnac, (Asian Development Bank), Andres Felipe, (Asian Development Bank), Carolina Chantrill, (Asociación Sustentar), Martina Pugno, (Asociación Sustentar), Lara Vivono, (Asociación Sustentar), Daphne Gross-Jansen, (BMZ – German Ministry), Abbie Noriega, (Bridges to Prosperity), Catherine Ittner, (C40), Josh West, (C40), Cristina Clopatofsky, (Catalytic Finance), Henrik Gudmundsson, (CONCITO), Søren Have, (CONCITO), Steffel Ludivin Feudjio Tezong, (CTLup), Lóri Tavasszy, (Delft University of Technology), Holger Haubold, (European Cyclists’ Federation – ECF), Sheila Watson, (FIA Foundation), Alexander Ubaldo Gutiérrez, (Fundación Internacional Bases), Daniel Bongardt, (GIZ), Verena Flues, (GIZ), Simon Kliem, (GIZ), Mathias Meforth, (GIZ), Mathias Merforth, (GIZ), Rabea Schmecht, (GIZ), Nadja Taeger, (GIZ), Belén Vásquez, (GIZ), Viviane Weinmann, (GIZ), Urda Eichhorst, (GIZ / NDC Transport Initiative Asia), Jens Giersdorf, (GIZ / TUMI), Martin Schaefer, (GIZ / TUMI), Heather Allen, (Health Bridge), Kristie Daniel, (Health Bridge), Ashley Acker, (Independent Consultant), Chris Kost, (Independent Consultant), Debora Ley, (Independent consultant), Neil Ebenezer, (Independent consultant), Olivia Wessendorff, (Independent consultant), Erlina Ang, (ICAO), Avantika Arjuna, (ICLEI / LEDS GP), Yann Briand, (IDDRI), Danielle Hoppe, (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy), Jacob Mason, (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy), Ana Nassar, (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy – Brazil), Dana Yanocha, (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy), Sudarmanto Budi Nugroho, (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies), Andre Luiz Lopes Toledo, (Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte), Jennifer Diaz, (IRF), Julia Funk, (International Road Federation), Magdalena Olczak-Rancitelli, (International Transport Forum, OECD), John Pritchard, (International Transport Forum), Rob McInerney, (International Road Assessment Programme), Maisarah Abdul Kadir, (IRENA), Olatunji Yusuf, (Islamic Development Bank), Alan McKinnon, (KLU), Mark Major, (Kuehne Climate Center), Friedel Sehlleier, (Kuehne Climate Center), Sophie t’Serstevens, (Kuehne Climate Center), Charlène Kouassi, (Movin’On LAB Africa), Milnael Gomez, (MobiliseYourCity Partnership – MYC), Katharine Palmer, (Lloyd’s Register), Antoine Belleguie, (Rail Logistics Europe), Annabel Bradbury, (Ricardo), Sonal Shah, (The Urban Catalyst), Sonal Shah, (The Urban Catalysts), Rik Arends, (Smart Freight Centre), Tharsis Teoh, (Smart Freight Centre), Julia Hildermeier, (RAP), José Holguin-Veras, (RPI), Mohamed Hegazy, (Transport for Cairo / UN High-Level Climate Champions Team), Farida Moawad, (Transport for Cairo), Philip Turner, (UITP), Ravi Gadepalli, (UITP), Lucie Anderton, (UIC), Ahmad Jais Alimin, (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia), Sukma Larastiti, (University of Kassel), Madan Bandhu Regmi, (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), Cecilia Andersson, (UN-Habitat), Stefanie Holzwarth, (UN-Habitat), Frida Youssef, (UN Trade and Development), Bronwen Thornton, (Walk21), Natalia Lleras, (Walk21), Thiago Hérick de Sá, (WHO), Nino Sharashidze, (WHO), Jan Hoffmann, (World Bank), Sam Johnson, (World Bank), David Waskow, (WRI), Anna Kustar, (WRI), Ben Welle, (WRI), Oliver Ashford, (WRI), Kalpana Viswanath, (WRI), Stefan Werland, (Wuppertal Institute).
Coordination Team in the SLOCAT secretariat
Project Managers
Alice Yiu, Jules Vincent, Teodora Serafimova
Data and TraKB Lead
Nikola Medimorec
Section Coordinators
Genevivie Ankunda, Angel Cortez, Akshay Jamdade, Teodora Serafimova