Acknowledgements
Our warm thanks to the many SLOCAT partners and experts from the wider transport community who have shaped this report. A significant share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.
How to cite:
SLOCAT (2025), Transport, Climate and Sustainability Global Status Report – 4th edition, https://gsr4.slocat.net
Licence
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Adapt — remix, transform and build upon the material for any purpose. Attribution — you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence and indicate if changes were made.
GSR 4 is supported by:
This edition has been made possible thanks to financial support from the Drive Electric Campaign, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Climate Action, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUKN) through its International Climate Initiative (IKI), the Kühne Climate Center (KCC), and the Volvo Research and Education Foundations (VREF).
Engaging a wide community of world-class experts and organisations
Chief Advisors – Strategic Guidance and Review
Maruxa Cardama (SLOCAT), Holger Dalkmann (Sustain2030)
Advisory team (alphabetical by affiliation’s full name)
Anne Chaussavoine (Agence Française de Développement), Carolina Chantrill (Asociación Sustentar), Andrea San Gil Leon (Global Partnership on Informal Transport), Urda Eichhorst (GIZ / NDC Transport Initiative for Asia), Philip Amaral (European Cyclists’ Federation), Olivia Wessendorff (Independent Consultant), Maisarah Abdul Kadir (International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA), John Pritchard (International Transport Forum), Juman Kubba (International Transport Workers’ Federation), Nicolas Cruz (MobiliseYourCity Partnership), Tsu Jui Cheng (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan), José Holguin-Veras (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Jad Baba (REN21), Bronwen Thornton (Walk21 / Partnership for Active Travel and Health), Alok Jain (Trans Consult), Wei-Shiuen Ng (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), Benjamin Welle (World Resources Institute WRI).
Authors, Contributors and Peer Reviewers from
Module 1. Shaping the Just Transition: Challenges and Opportunities towards Sustainable Transport
1.1. 10 Years After the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda, on the Path to the UN Decade of Sustainable Transport
Authors: Heather Allen, Independent Consultant; Genevivie Ankunda, Maruxa Cardama, Akshay Jamdade, Nikola Medimorec, Jules Vincent, SLOCAT
Contributors: Holger Dalkmann, Sustain2030
1.2. The Right to Mobility in a Sustainable and Inclusive Society
Authors: Jacob Mason, ITDP; Genevivie Genevivie Ankunda, SLOCAT
Contributors: Alyssa Alvarez, ITDP; Maruxa Cardama, SLOCAT
1.3. Transporting Shared Prosperity: Connecting Economies and People for a Sustainable Planet
Authors: Henrik Gudmundsson, Concito; Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
Spotlight – Logistics for Climate Action
Authors: Akshay Jamdade, SLOCAT
Contributors: Mark Major, Stefanie Sohm, Kühne Climate Center; Alan C. McKinnon, Kühne Logistics University
1.4. Building Adaptation and Resilience Within Transport Systems and Across Communities and economies
Authors: Manu Sasidharan, Kamal Achuthan, University College London
1.5. Driving Gender Equality: Empowering Women and Transforming Transport
Authors: Kalpana Viswanath, Rithvika Rajiv, Safetipin
1.6. A Just Transition for Workers in the Transport Sector
Authors: Juman Kubba, Jeremy Anderson, International Transport Workers’ Federation
1.7. Driving Health Forward: The Critical Link Between Transport and Wellbeing
Authors: Jenny Mindell, University College London; Rob McInerney, International Road Assessment Programme; Dena Kasraian, Eindhoven University of Technology
Contributors: Genevivie Ankunda, Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
nModule 2. Transport Pathways to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
2.1. National Transport Pathways to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
Authors: Nikola Medimorec, Genevivie Ankunda, Maruxa Cardama, SLOCAT
Spotlight – Transport Ambition in NDCs 3.0
Authors: Nikola Medimorec, Genevivie Ankunda, SLOCAT
Spotlight – Transport in National Adaptation Plans
Authors: Nikola Medimorec, Genevivie Ankunda, SLOCAT
Spotlight – Assessing Progress: the Transport Decarbonisation Index
Authors: Lewis Fulton, Pierpaolo Cazzola, Jacob Teter, individual experts; Nikola Medimorec, Teodora Serafimova, Genevivie Ankunda, Benjamin Berthet, SLOCAT; Oliver Lah, Vera-Marie Andrieu, Alvin Mejia, Urban Electric Mobility Initiative
Contributors: Gary Haq, Stockholm Environment Institute; Neil Ebenezer, independent consultant; Henrik Gudmundsson, CONCITO; Cecilia Andersson, Stefanie Holzwarth, UN-Habitat; Chris Kost, independent consultant; Madan Bandhu Regmi, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; Lucie Anderton, International Union of Railways – UIC; Holger Dalkmann, Sustain2030
2.2. Sub-National Transport Pathways to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
Authors: Tsu Jui Cheng, National Cheng Kung University; Nikola Medimorec, Genevivie Ankunda, Maruxa Cardama, SLOCAT
2.3. The Role of Business to Reach Climate and Sustainability Goals
Authors: Benedita Santos, Emir Erhan, Hao Zhang, Luis Costa, Mingyang Hao, World Benchmarking Alliance; Akshay Jamdade, SLOCAT
Contributor: Sophie Punte, Life-Links
Module 3: Regional Overviews: Trends and Policy Developments
3.1. Africa Regional Overview
Authors: Genevivie Ankunda, SLOCAT; Malindi Msoni, Zambia Institute for Policy Analysis and Research
3.2. Asia Regional Overview
Author: Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT
Contributors: Avantika Arjuna, Vijay Saini, Sai Siddhartha Nandamuri, Asia LEDS Partnership; Sudhir Gota, Alvin Mejia, Asian Transport Observatory
3.3. Europe Regional Overview
Author: Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT
Contributors: Ivo Cré, Pedro Homem de Gouveia, POLIS
3.4. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Overview
Author: Candela Echevarria Alcuaz, Asociación Sustentar
Contributors: Maria Eugenia, Rivas Amiassorho, Agustina Calatayud, Inter- American Development Bank; Arturo Steinvorth, Fundación Centro para la Sostenibilidad Urbana
3.5. North America Regional Overview
Author: Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
Contributor: Todd Litmann, Victoria Transport Policy Institute
3.6. Oceania Regional Overview
Author: Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT
Small Island Development States Overview:
Authors: Wei-Shiuen Ng, Le Hong Hanh Nguyen, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Contributor: Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
Module 4. Climate and Sustainability Responses in Transport Sub-Sectors and Modes
4.1. Freight Transport and Logistics
Authors: Lóri Tavasszy, Delft University of Technology, Verena Ehrler, IÉSEG School of Management, Tharsis Teoh, Smart Freight Centre, Anna Pernestål, Integrated Transport Research Lab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
4.2. Integrated Transport Planning Across Urban and Rural Contexts
Authors: Hannah E. Murdock, Imperial College London
Contributors: Nicolás Cruz González, Jacopo Giavoli, MobiliseYourCity; Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
4.3. Walking
Authors: Jim Walker, Natalia Lleras, Walk21
Contributors: Daniel Oviedo Hernandez, University College London; Carlos Canas, Walk21; Carly Gilbert Patrick, UNEP; Helge Hillnhutter, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Ruth Lowry, University of Essex; Sheila Watson, FIA Foundation; Daniel Sauter, Urban Mobility Research; Laura Sminkey, World Health Organization; Jill Warren, European Cyclists’ Federation; Louise Reardon, University of Birmingham; Bronwen Thornton, Walk21
4.4. Cycling
Authors: Philip Amaral, ECF
Contributors: Genevivie Ankunda, Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
4.5. Public Transport
Authors: Thet Hein Hun, Benjamin Welle, World Resources Institute
4.6. Informal Transport
Authors: Carlos González, Andrea San Gil León, Christian Bernstein, Global Network for Popular Transportation, Shared-Use Mobility Center
4.7. Rail
Authors: Lucie Anderton, Joo Hyun Ha, International Union of Railways (UIC)
4.8. Road Transport
Authors: Hannah E. Murdock, Imperial College London
Spotlight – Second-hand Vehicles
Author: Genevivie Ankunda, SLOCAT
4.9. Aviation
Authors: Ken Tran Phong, Climate Champions Team
4.10. Shipping
Authors: Marie Hubatova, with Angie Farrag-Thibault, Debora Schneider, Danielle Carey, Natacha Stamatiou, and Eduardo Boné-Morón, Environmental Defense Fund
Module 5. Transport and Energy
5.1. Transport Energy Sources
Authors: Jad Baba, Janne Piper, Jiayi Wang, REN21
5.2. Road Vehicle Electrification
Authors: Matteo Craglia, Jacob Teter and Pierpaolo Cazzola, European Transport and Energy Research Centre (ETERC), Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis
Contributors: Sebastian Castellanos, ClimateWorks Foundation
Module 6. Economics, Finance and Capacity Building for Transformative Change in Transport
6.1. Financing Sustainable Transport in Times of Constrained Public Budgets
Authors: Jyoti Bisbey, Sustainable Infrastructure Finance and PPPs Advisor; Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
Contributors: Danny Apikian, Bláthnaid Byrne, Climate Bonds Initiative; Maruxa Cardama,Teodora Serafimova, SLOCAT
Spotlight – Evolving the Economic Appraisals for Land Transport Investments
Authors: Andrea M. Bassi, KnowlEdge Srl and International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
Supporting authors: Michail Kapetanakis, IISD; Genevivie Ankunda, Benjamin Berthet, Maruxa Cardama, Nikola Medimorec, SLOCAT
Contributors: Holger Haubold, ECF; Jens Giersdorf, Martin Schaefer, GIZ; Milnael Gomez, MobiliseYourCity Partnership; Bronwen Thornton, Walk21
Spotlight – Improving Access to Climate Finance for Transport in LMICS
Authors: Nikola Medimorec, Alice Yiu, Genevivie Ankunda, Teodora Serafimova, Benjamin Berthet, SLOCAT; Yiqian Zhang, World Resources Institute
6.2. Capacity Building for Transport Transformation
Authors: Farida Moawad, Ghada Abdul Aziz, Hend Eltabey, Transport for Cairo
Peer Reviewers
The SLOCAT Secretariat extends appreciation to the peer reviewers who contributed their time and expertise from April to October 2025 to strengthen the quality and integrity of GSR4.
Gori Olusina Daniel (AP3), Felix Eggert (Air Transport Action Group), Warwick Townsend (Alstom), Claire Charamnac (Asian Development Bank), Andres Felipe (Asian Development Bank), Avantika Arjuna (Asia LEDS Partnership, Carolina Chantrill (Asociación Sustentar), Martina Pugno (Asociación Sustentar), Lara Vivono (Asociación Sustentar), Daphne Gross-Jansen (Gernany’s BMZ), Abbie Noriega (Bridges to Prosperity), Catherine Ittner (C40), Josh West (C40), Cristina Clopatofsky (Catalytic Finance), Henrik Gudmundsson (CONCITO), Søren Have (CONCITO), Steffel Ludivin Feudjio Tezong (CTLup), Lóri Tavasszy (Delft University of Technology), Holger Haubold (European Cyclists’ Federation ECF), Sheila Watson (FIA Foundation), Alexander Ubaldo Gutiérrez (Fundación Internacional Bases), Daniel Bongardt (GIZ), Verena Flues (GIZ), Simon Kliem (GIZ), Mathias Meforth (GIZ), Mathias Merforth (GIZ), Rabea Schmecht (GIZ), Nadja Taeger (GIZ), Belén Vásquez (GIZ), Viviane Weinmann (GIZ), Urda Eichhorst (GIZ / NDC Transport Initiative Asia), Jens Giersdorf (GIZ / TUMI), Martin Schaefer (GIZ / TUMI), Kristie Daniel (Health Bridge), Heather Allen (Independent Consultant), Ashley Acker (Independent Consultant), Chris Kost, (Independent Consultant), Debora Ley, (Independent consultant), Neil Ebenezer (Independent consultant), Olivia Wessendorff (Independent consultant), Yann Briand (IDDRI), Danielle Hoppe (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy ITDP), Jacob Mason (ITDP), Ana Nassar (ITDP – Brazil), Dana Yanocha (ITDP), Sudarmanto Budi Nugroho (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies), Andre Luiz Lopes Toledo (Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte), Philip Turner (International Association of Public Transport UITP), Ravi Gadepalli (UITP), Lucie Anderton (International Association of Railways UIC), Jennifer Diaz (International Road Federation IRF), Julia Funk (IRF), Magdalena Olczak-Rancitelli (International Transport Forum), John Pritchard (International Transport Forum), Rob McInerney (International Road Assessment Programme), Maisarah Abdul Kadir (IRENA), Olatunji Yusuf (Islamic Development Bank), Alan C. McKinnon (Kühne Logistics University KLU), Mark Major, (Kühne Climate Center KCC), Friedel Sehlleier, (KCC), Stefanie Sohm (KCC), Sophie t’Serstevens (KCC), Katharine Palmer (Lloyd’s Register), Charlène Kouassi (Movin’On Africa), Milnael Gomez (MobiliseYourCity Partnership MYC), Ivo Cré (POLIS), Antoine Belleguie (Rail Logistics Europe), Julia Hildermeier (RAP), Annabel Bradbury (Ricardo), José Holguin-Veras (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute RPI) , Kalpana Viswanath (Safetipin), Rik Arends (Smart Freight Centre), Tharsis Teoh (Smart Freight Centre), Tamara Bozovic, (Stellar Projects), Mohamed Hegazy, (Transport for Cairo / Climate Champions Team), Farida Moawad (Transport for Cairo), Alok Jain (Trans-Consult Ltd), Ahmad Jais Alimin (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia), Sukma Larastiti (University of Kassel), Thérèse Bajada (University of Malta), Madan Bandhu Regmi (UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), Cecilia Andersson (UN-Habitat), Stefanie Holzwarth (UN-Habitat), Frida Youssef (UN Trade and Development), Sonal Shah (The Urban Catalyst), Todd Litman (Victoria Transport Policy Institute), Bronwen Thornton (Walk21), Natalia Lleras (Walk21), Thiago Hérick de Sá (World Health Organisation WHO), Nino Sharashidze (WHO), Jan Hoffmann (World Bank), Sam Johnson (World Bank), David Waskow (World Ressources Institute WRI), Anna Kustar, (WRI), Benjamin Welle, (WRI), Oliver Ashford, (WRI), Stefan Werland, (Wuppertal Institute), Oliver Lah (Wuppertal Institute / Urban Electric Mobility Initiative).
Coordination Team in the SLOCAT secretariat
Project Managers
Alice Yiu, Jules Vincent, Teodora Serafimova
Data and TraKB Lead
Nikola Medimorec
Section Coordinators
Genevivie Ankunda, Angel Cortez, Akshay Jamdade, Teodora Serafimova
Editing, design and layout
Lisa Mastny (Editor)
Kadi (Design) – Alexander Moolman, Kerry Moolman
Disclaimer
SLOCAT releases issue papers and reports to enable collaborative knowledge and action for sustainable, low-carbon transport. While SLOCAT papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the SLOCAT community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time, SLOCAT and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.